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Installing Go, Modules and Project Layout: go.mod, Packages, internal/ and cmd/

A Go module is defined by go.mod: since Go 1.21 the go line is a binding minimum version, go.sum holds a hash for every dependency, and downloads are verified through proxy.golang.org and sum.golang.org. The story of the version go mod init writes, the toolchain line and GOTOOLCHAIN, staticcheck via the tool directive, exporting with uppercase names, the internal/ and cmd/ layout, go work, go mod tidy -diff and Go 1.27 merging require blocks into two.